Troubles in Paradise

And trying to get there

The good old days….

The Stats

Energy Use and Society

ECS 111

Spring 2018

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Future of Energy: Trends 2018

What is the factor of population growth?

What is Energy?

• Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

• Types of Energy: Kinetic (motion); Potential Energy (gravitational, chemical, nuclear)
• Energy Flows and Ecosystems: Life and energy; mankind and energy

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What is Energy?

• Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

– Defines work as exchange of energy

(work)

– Basics of physics and chemistry

• Types of Energy: Kinetic (motion); Potential Energy (gravitational, chemical, nuclear)
• Energy Flows and Ecosystems: Life and energy; mankind and energy

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What is Energy?

• Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

• Types of Energy: Kinetic (motion); Potential Energy (gravitational, chemical, nuclear)

– Exchange key to work

– Exchange induces increase disorder

(entrophy)

– Heat content is a measure of the kinetic

vibrational energy in matter

• Energy Flows and Ecosystems: Life and energy; mankind and energy

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What is Energy?

• Energy: First Law of Thermodynamics

• Types of Energy: Kinetic (motion); Potential Energy (gravitational, chemical, nuclear)
• Energy Flows and Ecosystems: Life and energy; mankind and energy

– Life against entrophy and chaos

– Mankind’s modification of order

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Complications in the world of energy.

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Energy Sources

Hammond, A. L., W. D. Metz, and T. H. Maugh II 1973. Energy and the Future. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 184 pp.

Mon. Energy Rev

.U.S. Information Administration 1 July 2016

Causes of Concern:

The 1970 Laws:

• Santa Barbara Oil Spill
• Cuyahoga River Fire
• Love Canal Disaster
• Smog-Filled Skies
• Plight of the Gray Wolf

What laws correspond to these and how?

Where are we in 2018?

An oily mess!

Global Energy Supplies

Fig. 12.-4

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Energy Consumption in the United States

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How portable is our energy?

• Energy is applied at specific sites
• This demands transportation to locations or in moving systems carrying energy with them.
• How do these demands work out both historically and in terms of present and future energy sources?

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Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

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Cost of Oil Imports

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Cost of Oil Imports

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Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

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Hubbert Curves of Oil Production

Oil production follows a bell-shaped

curve and will peak around 2010.

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Energy Options

ECS 111

25 April 2018

Feeding the Grid:

Distribution of Energy:

• Portability of energy
• Generalized use
• Minimized negative impacts

The Future of Coal?

U.S. Coal Deposits

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf

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Which Fossil Fuel Ranks the Highest in the Following Categories?

• Natural gas
• Coal
• Synfuels
• Oil shales
• Oil sands

• Air pollution
• Cost of extraction
• Proven reserves
• Greenhouse effect
• Habitat alteration
• Cost competition with current oil prices

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Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

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Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal

Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash +

(CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat

Global Warming

Acid Rain

Smog

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Fossil Fuels and Energy Security

• Security threats
• Supply-side policies
• Demand-side policies
• Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sources

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The Potential of the Conservation Reserve

An oil field that has the potential production of

6 million barrels per day, is three times the size

of the Alaskan oil field,

and its exploitation will

NOT adversely effect

the environment.

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The Elements of the Conservation Reserve

• Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ)
• Cogeneration (CHPs)
• Use fluorescent lights
• Increase home insulation

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Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

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Energy Efficient Lightbulbs

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Renewable-energy Use in the United States

Examples of Renewable Energy Sources

What replaces existing systems?

• Replacing oil and coal:

– Fuel interchange and storage

– Environmental cost of replacement

– Long-term possibilities.

• Limits and consequences of truly renewable sources:

– Total energy available and spatial limits.

– Degree of environmental issues associate with

sources

• Advance alternatives:

– Time scale of implementation

– Environmental consequences

Bio-fuels as replacement for oil

• Short term solution: Indee cars running of ethanol this year.

– How much reduction in cost?

– Role in reducing CO2 emission.

• Mass power production and biofuels.

– Limitations of resource

– Local augmentation of systems

• Impact on other agricultural needs.

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Energy from Nuclear Power

• Nuclear energy in perspective
• How nuclear power works
• The hazards and costs of nuclear power facilities
• More advanced reactors
• The future of nuclear power

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A Nuclear Reactor

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A Nuclear Power Plant

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Nuclear Energy in Perspective

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Nuclear Energy in Perspective

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The next Japan?

Comparing Nuclear Power with Coal Power

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The Final Issue with Nuclear Power

Proliferation of nuclear weapon materials. Plutonium

Contamination of the environment with bomb materials

Radioactive materials as weapons

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From Mass to Energy

http://www.nv.doe.gov/news&pubs/photos&films/atm.htm

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A hydrogen future?

• Simply break down H2O and then re-burn the result.

– What are the energy costs?

– How do we use the hydrogen?

• Hydrogen fuel cell technology.

– Controlled recombination without flame

– Car sized units?

• How does a hydrogen economy work?

– Need for large scale energy source

– How do we store hydrogen?

How do you store hydrogen?

Costs and performance

How do we produce the hydrogen?

• Electrolysis: Passing an electrical current through water.

– Requires energy source

– More energy required than gained

• Biological production: Bacterial hydrogen production.

– Slow process requiring space

– Pollution for byproducts

Wind Power: Benefits or Drawbacks?

• Size limitations of wind turbines
• Megawatts of electricity produced
• Level of pollution generated

What does wind energy cost?

• Infrastructure costs and maintenance.
• Cycling with seasons and climate.
• Integration with rest of power grid.
• What are limits?

– How much energy can we take without

climate implications?

– What is the cost to nature?

A solar energy future?

• Technology and the limits to solar power
• Magnitude of use before climate implications
• Economic issues: When and where is it effective?

Hurdles in Using Solar Energy

• Collection
• Conversion
• Storage
• Cost-effectiveness

Putting Solar Energy to Work

Solar Heating of Water: Flat-plate Solar Collector

Long-term traditional use in Florida. Dropped due to plumbing issues.

Concentrating Solar Power

• PV power plants
• Solar-trough collectors
• Power towers
• Dish-engine system

Power Tower

Geothermal Energy: Benefits or Drawbacks?

• Consistent source
• Level of pollution
• Cost-effectiveness
• Technology required for extraction
• Geographical distribution of energy produced

Tidal Power: Benefits or Drawbacks?

• Consistent source
• Level of pollution
• Cost-effectiveness
• Technology required for extraction
• Geographical distribution of energy produced
• Impact on coastal biology