Intimate Partner Violence
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Original: limited to physical violence by husbands against their wives
Evolved: ◦ Includes emotional and sexual violence
◦ Not exclusive to married couples
◦ Men and women can be perpetrators and victims
1960s: Focus of policy & research
Defining
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Domestic Violence FS 741.28 (2)
Domestic violence:
“any assault, battery, sexual
assault, sexual battery, or any
criminal offense resulting in
physical injury or death of one
family or household member by
another who is or was residing in
the same single dwelling unit”
5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence
“Family or Household Member” defined:
•Spouses
•Former spouses
•Persons related by blood or marriage
•Persons who reside together as family
or used to in the past
•Persons who have a child together (do
not have to reside together)
5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence
Physical violence—harm resulting in pain
Emotional abuse—threats, restraint of freedom, denial of access to resources
Sexual violence—unwanted sexual contact, sexual coercion, and rape
Defining Abuse
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Intimate terrorism—results from desire for power and control, involves severe, persistent, and frequent abuse that escalates over time
Situational couple violence—conflict that gets out of hand, results in violence
Violent resistance—person is violent but not controlling
Mutual violent control—both people are violent and controlling
Types of IPV:
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Many people reluctant to report
Official data sources underestimate
Rely on self-report surveys of victims and perpetrators
Measurement and Extent
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Rate declined from 1994 to 2012
15% of all violent victimizations
Females most likely victims
Details: ◦ Most common act: simple assault
◦ Almost half resulted in injury
◦ 77% do not involve a weapon
◦ Police notified in 54% of incidents
National Crime Victimization Survey
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Report physical assault during lifetime by an intimate: ◦ 22% – women
◦ 7% – men
Women more likely to ◦ report being injured
◦ report victimization to LE
◦ experience recurring victimization by the same partner
National Violence Against Women Survey
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Began in 2010 by CDC
Nationally representative telephone survey
Found 35.6% of women and 28.5% of men experienced physical violence, rape, and/or stalking by intimate partner during lifetime
Severe IPV experienced by 24.3% of women and 13.8% of men
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
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Age ◦ Younger adults more likely to experience IPV than
older adults
◦ Persons aged between 18 and 24 most at risk of IPV
Race ◦ Black females at greater risk than White females
◦ Rate of IPV against non-Hispanic Black and non- Hispanic persons of 2+ races greater than rate against other persons
Who is Victimized?
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Women more likely than men to be victimized
Men ◦ more likely to commit serious IPV—cause injury
◦ use tactics that are more likely to result in violence
◦ more likely to engage in intimate terrorism
Gender
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Victims may be treated differently ◦ Fear of disbelief/insensitivity by law enforcement
◦ Lack of access to resources available to heterosexual IPV victims
IPV laws may not apply to same-sex cases
Same-Sex
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Course of conduct that is unwanted and harassing and would case a reasonable person to be fearful
Lifetime: ◦ 1 in 12 women
◦ 1 in 45 men stalked during their lifetime
Over 75% of victims stalked by someone they know
At risk: ◦ Young adults
◦ divorced/separated people
Special Case: Stalking
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Behaviors vary
Significant consequences ◦ Fear/uncertainty
◦ Anxiety, depression, insomnia, and so on
◦ Lost time from work and changes in behavior
Special Case: Stalking
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Stress—family life can cause stress
Cohabitation—couples living together experience highest rate of IPV and more severe forms of violence
Power and patriarchy ◦ Power—ability to impose will upon another, can result
in IPV if abused
◦ Patriarchy—male-dominated social organization may allow/encourage male IPV
Risk Factors and Theories
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Social learning
Disability status
Neighborhood context
Risky lifestyle ◦ Associating with known criminals
◦ Alcohol and drug use
Risk Factors and Theories
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Negative health outcomes ◦ Injury—one of the most common reasons women visit
the ER
◦ Other effects—headaches, GI problems, STDs, and so on
Death ◦ 1/3 of female murder victims killed by intimate
partner (3% of male murder victims)
◦ Leading cause of homicide and injury-related deaths among pregnant women
◦ Black females more likely to be murder victims
Consequences
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Psychological/emotional outcomes
◦ Physical abuse can also cause emotional or psychological harm
◦ Depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, PTSD, attempted suicide, and so on
Consequences
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Revictimization ◦ Typical victim experiences multiple events
◦ Cycle of violence—Lenore Walker (1979)
Tension building phase—initial tranquil period, stress and tension build
Acute battering phase—physical violence perpetrated
Honeymoon phase—abuser calms down, asks for forgiveness, and promises not to do it again
Consequences
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Women leave an average of 6-7 times before leaving permanently
Love and commitment
Children
Finances
Isolation from family, friends, and social network
Embarrassment, shame, and fear
Women are more likely to be killed after leaving their husbands than while living with them
Why Abusive Relationships Continue
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Daigle, Victimology 2e, SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Violence vs. Nonviolence
22
1975–1980—44 states enacted laws concerning IPV ◦ Mostly focused on prevention of and protection from
IPV and providing victims needed resources
Currently all states have laws concerning IPV
CJS Responses
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Police initially reluctant to be involved in IPV cases ◦ Family matter
◦ Cases are dangerous to police
◦ Victims may be reluctant to cooperate
Ability to arrest may be limited ◦ Historically police could not arrest for misdemeanor
without a warrant
The Police Response
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Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (1984) ◦ Examined deterrent effect of arrest versus separation
or advising
◦ Found arrested offenders less likely than others to commit additional domestic violence offenses
Study plus lawsuits against police led to mandatory arrest policies ◦ Advocates for arrest when there is probable cause and
enough evidence exists for an arrest
The Police Response
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Replication studies found that arrest differentially impacted offenders
Possible response options for police
The Police Response
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Interviewing the alleged victim
Interview alleged victim alone
Develop trust by creating a climate of
safety
Avoid victim blaming – examples?
Provide safe alternatives and access to
DV resources
Assist with a safety plan
5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence Safety Plans
When?
Who?
What is included?
5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence
1/3 of reported offenses and over 60% of arrests resulted in filing of charges by prosecutors
1/3 of arrests, over half of prosecutions resulted in convictions
Factors influencing decision to prosecute ◦ Visible physical injuries
◦ Use of alcohol or drugs by victim or defendant
◦ Victim/offender relationship
◦ Victim willingness to participate in prosecution (no- drop policy and spousal/marital privilege laws)
Court Responses
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Special courts to handle domestic violence cases
Court “watch systems” ensure system is fair and consistent and victims’ needs, safety, and rights are protected
Seminole Co examples
Court Responses
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Protective orders ◦ Designed to protect victims from offenders
◦ Enforcement varies by state
◦ Most eligible victims do not secure protective orders
◦ Protective orders shown to reduce recidivism
◦ 20–40% of protective orders violated
Legal and Community Responses
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Florida Certified Domestic Violence
Centers (Central Florida counties)
Harbor House of Central Florida
(Orange County)
Help Now of Osceola County
SafeHouse of Seminole (County)
5/22/2021Module 8: Domestic Violence
◦ Housing – including transitional
◦ Funding
◦ Therapeutic interventions
◦ Legal assistance
◦ Employment
◦ Daycare
◦ Safety planning
◦ Other….
Shelters
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Harbor House
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HH App
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◦Created national DV hotline
◦Provides direct services to victims & their families
◦Funds DV prevention
Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA)
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